NanoPi搭建网络附加存储NAS系统

CzrTuringB:

2023年9月15日:想做这个的起因是我刚好这个暑假去了研究所学习,走之前没有将家里机械硬盘中的资料完全拷贝到电脑上,在想要看的时候又没法获取,所以就想着做一个小型NAS系统,用于存储一些PDF书籍和文献。之前在花生壳上购买了一年的内网穿透域名服务(很坑,使用效果及其不理想),后面还是换成了云服务器用来部署我的博客,为了不让NanoPI闲置,就想着搭载U盘和FRP内网穿透做一个小型的云存储系统。


第一部分 准备工作

  • 硬件组成:

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    @NanoPI
    @USB WIFI接收器
    @32G U盘
  • 烧录系统:具有OLED屏幕驱动的系统

  • 源更新:

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    sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.old
    //打开/etc/apt/sources.list文件
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial main multiverse restricted universe
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-backports main multiverse restricted universe
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security main multiverse restricted universe
    deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-updates main multiverse restricted universe
    deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial main multiverse restricted universe
    deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-backports main multiverse restricted universe
    deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
    deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-security main multiverse restricted universe
    deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu-ports/ xenial-updates main multiverse restricted universe
    //删除原内容并复制上述内容然后保存
    sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get upgrade

第二部分 添加USB设备

  • 为什么不使用机械硬盘:NanoPi的供电不足以支持机械硬盘正常工作,外接电源给机械硬盘进行供电,会使得整个系统非常臃肿,同时我对于存储空间的需求并不是很高,U盘足以满足我的使用。

  • 登录root账号。

  • 将U盘插在NanoPi上,确认NanoPi识别到此硬盘:

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    #查看硬盘信息
    sudo fdisk -l
    #我的U盘相关信息
    Device Start End Sectors Size Type
    /dev/sda1 2048 62947327 62945280 30G Microsoft basic data
  • 安装ntfs-3g

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    sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g
  • 格式化U盘:一般情况下,我们使用的U盘格式是FAT32或者NTFS数据格式的,这种数据格式在linux系统中使用会出现问题,需要将其格式化为ext3格式。

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    #确认树莓派识别到现有的硬盘:
    sudo fdisk -l | grep '^Disk'
    #确认硬盘格式:
    sudo blkid
    #如果之前装载了U盘,需要卸载U盘
    sudo umount /dev/sda1
    #格式化U盘
    sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1
    #格式化完成后查看硬盘格式,确认是否为ext3
    sudo blkid
  • 指定USB硬盘位置:

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    #创建一个路径
    sudo mkdir /media/myUsb
    #指定这个路径的用户权限,pi是我的用户名
    sudo chown pi:pi /media/myUsb
    #挂载这个路径
    sudo mount -t auto -o uid=pi,gid=pi /dev/sda1 /media/myUsb
    #确认硬盘的数据
    cd /media/myUsb
    ls
    #设计开机自动挂载:
    #备份文件
    sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.backup
    #查看U盘的UID
    sudo blkid
    #编辑fstab文件
    sudo vim /etc/fstab
    #在文件最后一行添加下面内容:
    UUID="U盘的UUID" /media/myUsb auto rw,defaults 0 0
    UUID="a8ec1901-b7d3-467f-9393-217ba5804dc0" /media/myUsb auto rw,defaults 0 0
    #输入以下命令查看文件是否有误
    sudo mount -a

第三部分 搭建文件服务器Samba

  • 1987年,微软公司和英特尔公司共同制定了SMB(server Messages Block)协议用来解决局域网内的文件或打印机等的资源共享问题。但是这时后还是解决不了跨系统之间的文件共享。直到1991年,在读大学的Tridgwell 基于SMB协议开发能够解决Linux系统和windows系统之间的文件的问题——也就是SMBServer服务测序。后来被命名为samba(根据一个拉丁舞名字)。如今,samba服务测序成为了在Linux和windows系统之间共享文件的最佳选择。

  • 安装远程文件系统:

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    sudo apt-get install samba
  • 创建用户,其他设备访问NanoPi,需要使用这个账户进行登录

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    #按照提示输入密码和基本信息即可
    sudo adduser czr
  • 将用户添加到Samba上:

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    sudo usermod -a -G sambashare czr
    sudo pdbedit -a -u czr
  • 创建共享文件夹:

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    #设置共享文件夹权限
    sudo chown root:sambashare /media/myUsb/
    sudo chmod 770 /media/myUsb/
    sudo chmod g+s /media/myUsb/
  • 设置Samba:

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    #编辑Samba文件内容
    sudo vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
    #找到Share Definitions,将只读设为no
    read only = no
    #在文件末尾添加:
    [myUsb]
    comment = Shared Folder
    path = /media/myUsb
    read only = no
    guest ok = no
    browseable = yes
    create mask = 0770
    directory mask = 0770
  • 重启Samba:

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    sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

第四部分 FRP内网穿透

  • 云服务器设置:

    1. 下载frp服务端:

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      cd /usr/local
      wget https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
      tar -zxvf frp_0.33.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
    2. 配置frps.ini文件:

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      cd ./frp_0.33.0_linux_amd64
      sudo vim frps.ini
      #内容如下:
      [common]
      # frp监听的端口,默认是7000,可以改成其他的
      bind_port = 7000
      # 授权码
      token = #自己定义
      # frp管理后台端口
      dashboard_port = 7500
      # frp管理后台用户名和密码
      dashboard_user = 自己定义
      dashboard_pwd = 自己定义
      enable_prometheus = true
      # http映射相关
      vhost_http_port = 8000
      # frp日志配置
      log_file = /var/log/frps.log
      log_level = info
      log_max_days = 3
    3. 防火墙放行端口:

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      # 添加监听端口
      firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=7000/tcp
      # 添加管理后台端口
      firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=7500/tcp
      # 添加http映射端口
      firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8000/tcp
      # 添加samba映射端口
      firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=5500/tcp
      # 添加samba网页映射端口
      firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=6500/tcp
      #查看端口放行情况
      iptables -L -n
      # 重新加载
      firewall-cmd --reload
    4. 设置和启动frp服务:

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      mkdir -p /etc/frp
      cp frps.ini /etc/frp
      cp frps /usr/bin
      cp systemd/frps.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/
      systemctl enable frps
      systemctl start frps
      #临时启动命令
      ./frps -c ./frps.ini
      #后台保持启动命令
      nohup ./frps -c ./frps.ini &
    5. 添加开机启动:

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      sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/frps.service
      #文件内容如下:
      [Unit]
      Description=frps daemon
      After=syslog.target network.target
      Wants=network.target

      [Service]
      Type=simple
      ExecStart=/usr/local/frp_0.33.0_linux_amd64/frps -c /usr/local/frp_0.33.0_linux_amd64/frps.ini
      Restart= always
      RestartSec=1min

      [Install]
      WantedBy=multi-user.target
      #启动frps
      systemctl daemon-reload
      systemctl start frps
      #设置为开机启动
      systemctl enable frps
    6. 登录公网服务器IP地址:frp管理后台端口,输入账号和密码,即可查看frp后台管理界面。

  • NanoPi设置:

    1. NanoPi客户端下载frp:https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_linux_arm.tar.gz

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      @windows32:
      https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_windows_386.zip
      @windows64:
      https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_windows_amd64.zip
      @mac:
      https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_darwin_amd64.tar.gz
      @linux32:
      https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_linux_386.tar.gz
      @linux64:
      https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
      @树莓派32:https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_linux_arm.tar.gz
      @树莓派64:
      https://github.com/fatedier/frp/releases/download/v0.33.0/frp_0.33.0_linux_arm64.tar.gz
    2. 使用WinScp将压缩包上传至NanoPi的/usr/local目录下,并解压缩:

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      tar -zxvf frp_0.33.0_linux_arm.tar.gz
    3. 配置frpc.ini:

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      cd ./frp_0.33.0_linux_arm
      sudo vim frpc.ini
      # 服务端配置
      [common]
      #设置服务器公网IP
      server_addr = #自己服务器的公网ip
      # 请换成设置的服务器端口
      server_port = 7000
      token = #跟服务端配置的授权码一样

      # 配置ssh服务:配置好后,访问云服务器公网ip的7000端口就等于访问我的nanopi的22端口
      [ssh]
      type = tcp
      local_ip = 127.0.0.1
      local_port = 22
      remote_port = 2222

      #博客的映射,实际使用效果不是很理想,图片加载不出来。
      [WEB]
      type = http
      local_ip = 127.0.0.1
      local_port = 80
      custom_domains = #自己服务器的公网ip

      #samba服务
      [samba]
      type = tcp
      local_ip = 127.0.0.1
      #samba默认端口
      local_port = 445
      ##自定义的远程访问端口,4545是转发端口,目的是将本地的445端口转发到远程服务器上面的4545端口中去。
      remote_port = 5500


      # 对外提供文件访问服务
      [test_static_file]
      type = tcp
      remote_port = 6500
      plugin = static_file
      # 要对外暴露的文件目录,需要填写绝对路径
      plugin_local_path =/media/myUsb
      plugin_strip_prefix = static
      #进入网页时需要的账户和密码
      plugin_http_user = #自己定义
      plugin_http_passwd = #自己定义
    4. 防火墙放行端口:

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      firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=2222/tcp
      firewall-cmd --reload
    5. 设置和启动frp服务:

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      mkdir -p /etc/frp
      cp frpc.ini /etc/frp
      cp frpc /usr/bin
      cp systemd/frpc.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/
      systemctl enable frpc
      systemctl start frpc
      #临时启动
      ./frpc -c ./frpc.ini
      #后台保持启动
      nohup ./frpc -c ./frpc.ini &
    6. 添加开机启动:

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      sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/frpc.service
      #内容如下
      [Unit]
      Description=frpc daemon
      After=syslog.target network.target
      Wants=network.target

      [Service]
      Type=simple
      ExecStart=/usr/local/frp_0.33.0_linux_arm/frpc -c /usr/local/frp_0.33.0_linux_arm/frpc.ini
      Restart= always
      RestartSec=1min

      [Install]
      WantedBy=multi-user.target
      #启动frpc
      systemctl daemon-reload
      systemctl start frpc

      #设置为开机启动
      systemctl enable frpc
    7. 每次修改完配置文件之后,需要kill之前的FRP进程,重新执行才可以更新配置:

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    ps -ef |grep frpc
    kill -9 [进程号]
  • NanoPi的U盘文件访问方法及其效果演示:

    1. 在浏览器输入自己公网ip地址:管理界面映射端口,即可查看映射服务列表,如下所示:

      frp管理台界面

    2. 在putty软件中,使用自己云服务器的公网ip+ssh开放的端口2222,即可在外网条件下访问nanopi的命令控制界面。

    3. 在winscp软件中,使用自己云服务器的公网ip+ssh开放的端口2222,即可在外网条件下访问nanopi中的文件。

    4. 在浏览器中输入http://x.x.x.x:6500/static/,其中x.x.x.x即为云服务器的公网ip,即可在网页界面查看Samba共享的文件夹,如下图所示:【进入网页时,需要输入在客户端test_static_file项中配置的账号和密码】

      外网网页访问Samb共享文件

第五部分 校园应用

**CzrTuringB:**前几天,我终于给NanoPi通上了校园网,因此在校园局域网下,使用SMB服务就不用再去内网穿透了。当然还是存在一定的问题:学校的运营商关闭了445端口的使用,因此需要重新给Samba配置端口,进而在登录SMB服务时速度过慢,操作繁琐。

  • SSH连接NanoPi,更改/etc/samba/smb.conf文件:

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    #编辑smb配置文件
    sudo vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
    #在global下方添加下面内容:
    smb ports=4450 1390
    #重启samba服务
    sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
    #查看samba服务使用的端口情况
    sudo netstat -tlnp |grep smb
  • 安卓连接:

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    1、下载andSMB软件
    2、创建服务
    Version: SMB v1
    主机名: NanoPi的IP地址
    用户名:
    密码:
    在高级选项中设置端口为4450
    3、配置完成后点击屏幕的文件夹进行连接即可,每次登录的认证速度较慢,耐心等待即可。【大约1~2分钟】
  • windows连接:

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    1、windows不能直接更改SMB的端口,因此需要进行端口转发
    2、使用管理员身份打开命令管理窗口
    #查看端口转发情况
    netsh interface portproxy show all
    #进行端口转发
    netsh interface portproxy add v4tov4 listenport=445 listenaddress=127.0.0.1 connectport=4450 connectaddress=NanoPi的IP4地址
    #查看端口转发情况
    netsh interface portproxy show all
    #如果想要删除端口转发,那么可以将add换为del,或者使用下面的指令清空所有的端口转发
    netsh interface portproxy reset
    3、打开控制面板--程序功能--启用或关闭windows功能,取消勾选SMB 1.0/CIFS服务器和SMB 1.0/CIFS服务器自动删除。
    4、打开services.msc,将LanmanServer和Computer Browser服务禁用即可。
    5、重启电脑
    6、win+R,输入:\\127.0.0.1
    7、输入账号和密码即可进入到网路邻居页面
  • FTP文件传输:

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    在学校每次使用smb进行文件传输共存在以下几个问题:
    1、华为设备文件管理只支持smb传输协议并且无法向windows系统那样进行端口转发。
    2、每次进行smb认证时速度过慢。
    3、在windows上配置端口转发过程繁琐,需要进行重启。
    所以我更换了文件传输协议,解决了上述问题,其中移动端可以安装ES文件浏览器来访问网盘中的数据,但是这个软件免费使用的话广告很多【如有需要可以直接购买永久版去除广告限制】

    1、NanoPi安装vsftpd:

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    sudo apt-get install vsftpd

    2、编辑配置文件:

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    sudo vim /etc/vsftpd.conf
    #文件内容如下:
    # Example config file /etc/vsftpd.conf
    #
    # The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file
    # loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable.
    # Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults.
    #
    # READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options.
    # Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's
    # capabilities.
    #
    #
    # Run standalone? vsftpd can run either from an inetd or as a standalone
    # daemon started from an initscript.
    listen=NO
    #
    # This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening
    # on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6
    # and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6
    # sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific
    # addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration
    # files.
    listen_ipv6=YES
    #
    # Allow anonymous FTP? (Disabled by default).
    anonymous_enable=NO
    #
    # Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
    local_enable=YES
    #
    # Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
    write_enable=YES
    #
    # Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022,
    # if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's)
    local_umask=022
    #
    # Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only
    # has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will
    # obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
    #anon_upload_enable=YES
    #
    # Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create
    # new directories.
    #anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
    #
    # Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
    # go into a certain directory.
    dirmessage_enable=YES
    #
    # If enabled, vsftpd will display directory listings with the time
    # in your local time zone. The default is to display GMT. The
    # times returned by the MDTM FTP command are also affected by this
    # option.
    use_localtime=YES
    #
    # Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
    xferlog_enable=YES
    #
    # Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
    connect_from_port_20=YES
    #
    # If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by
    # a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not
    # recommended!
    #chown_uploads=YES
    #chown_username=whoever
    #
    # You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown
    # below.
    xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log
    #
    # If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format.
    # Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case.
    xferlog_std_format=YES
    #
    # You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
    #idle_session_timeout=600
    #
    # You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
    #data_connection_timeout=120
    #
    # It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the
    # ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
    #nopriv_user=ftpsecure
    #
    # Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not
    # recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
    # however, may confuse older FTP clients.
    #async_abor_enable=YES
    #
    # By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore
    # the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII
    # mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
    # Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service
    # attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd
    # predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the
    # raw file.
    # ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol.
    #ascii_upload_enable=YES
    #ascii_download_enable=YES
    #
    # You may fully customise the login banner string:
    ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
    #
    # You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently
    # useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
    #deny_email_enable=YES
    # (default follows)
    #banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd.banned_emails
    #
    # You may restrict local users to their home directories. See the FAQ for
    # the possible risks in this before using chroot_local_user or
    # chroot_list_enable below.
    #在这里配置ftp能够访问的路径
    local_root=/media/myUsb/
    chroot_local_user=NO
    anon_root=/media/myUsb/
    #
    # You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home
    # directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of
    # users to NOT chroot().
    # (Warning! chroot'ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that
    # the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the
    # chroot)
    chroot_list_enable=NO
    # (default follows)
    #chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
    #
    # You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by
    # default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large
    # sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume
    # the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it.
    #ls_recurse_enable=YES
    #
    # Customization
    #
    # Some of vsftpd's settings don't fit the filesystem layout by
    # default.
    #
    # This option should be the name of a directory which is empty. Also, the
    # directory should not be writable by the ftp user. This directory is used
    # as a secure chroot() jail at times vsftpd does not require filesystem
    # access.
    secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty
    #
    # This string is the name of the PAM service vsftpd will use.
    pam_service_name=vsftpd
    #
    # This option specifies the location of the RSA certificate to use for SSL
    # encrypted connections.
    rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
    rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
    ssl_enable=NO

    #
    # Uncomment this to indicate that vsftpd use a utf8 filesystem.
    utf8_filesystem=YES

    3、启动ftp服务:

    1
    sudo /etc/init.d/vsftpd start

    4、电脑端连接ftp服务器:

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    1、打开此电脑
    2、右键点击网络----选择映射网络驱动器----连接到可用于存储文档和图片的网站
    3、连接地址输入:
    ftp://NanoPi的IP地址
    4、取消勾选匿名登录,输入之前设置的用户名称
    5、点击完成即可创建映射,打开此电脑,在网路位置一栏即可看见我们的网盘

    5、移动端安装ES文件浏览器,在其中的网络中添加FTP服务器,输入相应的IP地址、用户名、密码即可。